dawn's a+p blog

2006-03-26T18:51:00.001-08:00

THE SPINAL NERVES

All spinal nerves except the first pair and

the sacral nerves exit the vertebral column

through intervertebral foramen between

adjacent vertebrae. The sacral nerves exit via

the sacral foramina.

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves are broken down as follows: 8 pairs of cervical nerves; 5 pairs of

lumbar nerves; 12 pairs of thoracic nerves; 5 pairs of sacral nerves; 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.

(images taken from: Gray's Anatomy, McGraw-Hill)

2006-03-26T18:51:00.000-08:00

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

---Branches off of CNS(brain and spinal cord)
---Contains the somatic nervous system(which provides
motor fibers to skeletal muscle) and the autonomic
nervous system(which provides motor fibers to the
smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)

A. CRANIAL NERVES(originate in brain and issue through
skull to innervate head and neck)
I. Olfactory-smell
II. Optic-vision
III. Oculomotor-eye muscles
IV. Trochlear-motor impulses to and from superior
oblique muscles of eyeballs.
V. Trigeminal-major general sensory nerves of face.
VI. Abducens-lateral rectus muscles of eyeballs.
VII. Facial nerves-major motor nerves of face.
VIII. Vestibulocochlear-hearing and equilibrium.
IX. Glossopharyngeal-sensory impulses from posterior
tongue, pharynx, and sinuses. Innervate some
pharyngeal muscles and parotid glands.
X. Vagus-almost all motor fibers are autonomic para-
sympathetic fibers-motor to/sensory from pharynx,
larynx, visceral organs of thoracic and abdominal
cavities.
XI. Accessory-motor impulses to pharynx and larynx.
XII. Hypoglossal-tongue muscles.

2006-02-22T08:06:00.000-08:00

TISSUES

I. EPITHELIAL---PRIMARILY A COVERING /LINING--IT CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS SIMPLE OR STRATIFIED. 1. Simple Squamous-lining of celom, lines blood vessels.
2. Simple Cuboidal--lines walls of glands.
3. Simple Columnar--lining . gut tube; cilia may be present.
4. Pseudostratified.
B. Stratified: Multiple cell layers and shapes.
1. Stratified Squamous--ex. Epidermis.
2. Stratified Cuboidal--lines ducts of sweat glands.
3. Stratified Columnar--lines larynx, mammary glands, and epididymus.
4. Transitional Epithelium--makes up urinary structures--stretchable.
II. CONNECTIVE--SUPPORTS EPITHELIUM AND OTHER
STRUCTURES SUCH AS NERVES AND VESSELS.
COLLAGEN, RETICULAR FIBERS, ELASTIN, AND
GROUND SUBSTANCE MAKE UP EXTRACELLULAR
MATRIX.
A. Loose Connective Tissue
1. Adipose Tissue--fatty tissue under skin and around organs.
2. Reticular Fibers--support other structures, such as spleen, lymph nodes.
B. Dense Connective Tissue
1. Irregular--thick fibers that run in different directions and cross each other
Ex. Dermis
2. Regular--parallel fibers that resist tension Ex. Tendons/ligaments.
III. MUSCLE
IV. NERVOUS

(SOURCES: Human A+P/L. Frolich; U of Delaware Histology website; JayDoc website)

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

2006-02-05T15:07:00.025-08:00

I. CHEMICAL LEVEL
Atoms combine to form molecules.

II. CELLULAR LEVEL
Molecules combine to form cells.

III. HISTOLOGY
Cells combine to form tissues.

IV. ANATOMY
Different tissue types combine to form organs.

V. PHYSIOLOGY
Organs work together to form an organ system.

ORGAN SYSTEMS work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS---the ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.024-08:00

To all---
I'm not sure why these are not in the order I published them---obviously I would have preferred them to show in chronological order. Sorry!

2006-02-05T15:07:00.023-08:00

Stage 23-

2006-02-05T15:07:00.022-08:00

Stage 22-

brain can move muscles.

critical period of heart development ends.

external genitalia begin to form.

eyelids and external ears more developed.

upper lip fully formed.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.021-08:00

Stage 21-

intestines recede into body cavity.

eyes are well developed.

tongue development finished.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.020-08:00

Stage 20-

spontaneous involuntary movements.

nasal openings and tip of nose fully formed.

testes/ovaries distinguishable.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.019-08:00

Stage 19-

first detectable brain waves.

gonads form-in one week sex of embryo will be recognizable.

muscles develop and become stronger.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.018-08:00

Stage 18-

ossification of skeleton begins.

eyes pigmented-lids begin to develop.

kidneys begin to produce urine.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.017-08:00

Stage 17-

embryo has four-chambered heart.

olfactory bulb forms in brain.

teeth buds begin to form.

pituitary gland, larynx, and bronchi begin to form.

intestines develop within the umbilical cord.

germ cells arrive at genital area and will respond to genetic instructions.

trunk becomes straighter.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.016-08:00

Stage 16-

lower jaw visible.

ureter lengthens.

hands and feet begin to form.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.015-08:00

Stage 15-

brain increases in size by 1/3 since last stage.

ears and nose may begin to appear.

innervation begins in lower limbs.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.014-08:00

Stage 14-

esophagus separates from trachea.

heart divides into four major subdivisions.

pulmonary arch forms.

R+L lung sacs present on either side of esophagus.

kidneys begin to develop.

limb buds elongate-innervation begins in upper limbs.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.013-08:00

Stage 13-

brain differentiates into three parts:

forebrain-responsible for sensory input, memory formation, thinking and reasoning.

midbrain-responsible for coordinating messages to final destinaion.

hindbrain-responsible for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and muscle movements.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.012-08:00

Stage 12-

valves and septra may appear in the heart at this stage.

digestive epithelia begins to differentiate into liver, stomach, and pancreas-liver forms first.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.011-08:00

Stage 11-

heart is beating.

peristalsis begins, but blood vessel development still incomplete.

nervous system most developed .

2006-02-05T15:07:00.010-08:00

Stage 10-
rapid growth and changes.
eyes begin to form on either side of neural folds.
ear cells present.
heart tubes fuse into one tube-cardiac muscle contraction begins.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.009-08:00

Stage 9-

cellular differentiation indicated by changes in shape and structure of embryo.

muscle cells begin to fuse and form into the two heart tubes.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.008-08:00

Stage 8-
head region broadens.
neural groove develops.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.007-08:00

Stage 7-

formation of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

endoderm will form lining of lungs, tongue, tonsils, urethra and associated glands, bladder, and digestive tract.

mesoderm will form muscles, bones, lymphatic tissue, spleen, blood cells, heart, lungs, reproductive and excretory systems.

ectoderm will form skin, nails, hair, lens of eye, lining of internal and external ears, nose, sinuses, mouth, anus, tooth enamel, pituitary gland, mammary glands, and nervous system.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.006-08:00

Stage 6-

gastrulation begins.

primitive streak forms.

embryo attached to developing placenta with connective stalk.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.005-08:00

Stage 5-

inner cell mass divides rapidly forming a two layered disc.

the top layer will form the embryo.

the bottom layer will form the yolk sac.

placenta begins to form.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.004-08:00

Stage 4-

blastocyst implants into uterine wall.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.003-08:00

Stage 3-

morula changes into blastocyst

2006-02-05T15:07:00.002-08:00

Stage 2-

1st cell divisions

zygote changes into morula and leaves fallopian tube to uterine cavity.

2006-02-05T15:07:00.001-08:00

Day one post ovulation---creation of zygote.

2006-01-23T07:29:00.000-08:00

Dawn Crosby
Bridgewater, MA 7/18/1968
Romaine Brooks
Currently working as an LPN---I want to get my RN, then my BSN @ UMASS
I'm an only child--my mom's also a nurse.